Sickle Cell Anemia Contributes to Liver Abnormality
International Journal of Research and Reports in Hematology,
Page 122-134
Abstract
Aim: This study sought to investigate the implication of sickle cell anemia on hepatic biomarkers.
Methodology: This is a case-control study which enrolled 60 sickle cell anemia patients (30 males and 30 females) in a stable state at the Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospital in Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria, as well as 60 healthy controls (30 males and 30 females). Each participant had five millilitres (5 mL) of venous blood taken and dispensed into a lithium heparin sample vial. Hepatic biomarkers were assessed using established procedures utilizing the blood sample.
Results: Hepatic indices were higher in sickle cell anemia patients than in control subjects, according to the findings of this study. It's worth noting that the effect of sickle cell anemia on liver parameters was stronger in male patients than in females. The activity of ALP in male sickle was 280 UI/L compared to the 198 UI/L in their female counterparts. Both values were significantly (p<0.05) higher than those found in the control subjects. This was not different in other hepatic parameters investigated in this study.
Conclusion: The findings of this investigation revealed that sickle cell patients had significantly higher liver indices than control persons. This could indicate that its synthesis in the liver has been increased or metabolism was reduced sequel to sickle cell disease.
Keywords:
- Liver abnormality
- sickle cell anemia
- steady state
How to Cite
Uche, C. L., Isaiah, A. O., Ezirim, E. O., & Airaodion, A. I. (2022). Sickle Cell Anemia Contributes to Liver Abnormality. International Journal of Research and Reports in Hematology, 5(2), 122-134. Retrieved from https://journalijr2h.com/index.php/IJR2H/article/view/30173
References
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Center for Disease Control and Prevention for Sickle cell disease; 2019.
Sedrak A, Kondamud NP. Sickle cell disease. In: StatPearls. Treasure Island: Stat Pearls Publishing; 2019.
David HG, Bridgman SA, Davies SC, AL Hine, RJ Emery. The shoulder in sickle cell disease. J Bone Joint Surg. 1993;75:538-545.
Ballas SK. The sickle cell painful crisis in adults: Phases and objective signs. Haemoglobin. 1995;19:323-333.
Iwegbu CG, Fleming AF. Avascular necrosis of the femoral head in sickle cell disease: A series from the Guinea savannah of Nigeria. J Bone Joint Surg. 1985;67:29-32.
Smith WR, Penberty LT, Bovbjerj VE. Daily assessment of pain in adults with sickle cell disease. Ann Intern Med. 2008;148:94-101.
Ned JV, Bertles JF, Wether DL. Sickle cell disease: A worldwide problem. eds. Sickle Cell Disease: Inheritance, Diagnosis, Management, Education and Research. 2019;122:123-154.
Platt OS, Brambilla DJ, Rosse WF, Milner PF, Castro O. Mortality in sickle cell disease. Life expectancy and risk factors for early death. N Engl J Med. 1994; 330:1639-1644.
Itano HA. Qualitative control of adult haemoglobin synthesis: A multiple allele hypothesis. Am J Hum Genet. 1993;5:34-36.
Lawrence PR, Ryan KM, Harney KM. Sickle cell in children providing comprehensive cure for a chronic condition. Adv Nurse Pract. 2000;8:48-55.
Ward PA, Hejtmancik JF, Witkowski JA, Gunnel S, Speer J, Hawley PY. Sickle cell endemicity. Am J Hum Genet. 2018; 44:270-281.
World Health Organization. Global sickle cell rate. Bulletin of World Health Organization. 2018;25:27-30.
Wu JSY. Classification of liver diseases. British Medical Journal. 2005;3:4-6.
Kakarala S, Lindberg M. Safety of liver biopsy in acute sickle hepatic crisis. Conn Med. 2004;68:277-279.
Beutler E. The sickle cell disease and related disorders. In: Beutler E, Lichtman MA, Coller BS, Kipps TJ, Seligsohn U (eds). Williams Haematology New York: McGraw Hill; 1999.
Reitman S, Frankel S. A colorimetric method for determination of serum glutamate oxaloacetate and glutamic pyruvate transaminase. American Journal of Clinical Pathology. 1957;28:56-58.
Babson AL, Grecley SJ, Coleman CM, Phillips GE. The use of phenolphthalein in monophosphate as a substrate for serum alkaline phosphatase. Clinical Chemistry. 1966;12:482.
Henry RJ, Sobel C, Berkman S. Interferences with biuret methods for serum proteins. Anal. Chem. 1974;29: 1491-1495.
Doumas BT, Watson WA, Biggs HG. Albumin standards and the measurement of serum albumin with BCG. Clin Chim Acta. 1971;31: 87-96.
Airaodion AI, Ene AC, Ogbuagu EO, Okoroukwu VN, Ekenjoku JA, Ogbuagu U. Biochemical changes associated with consumption (by rats) of garri processed by traditional and instant mechanical methods. Asian Journal of Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology. 2019; 2(4):1-11.
Royden NR, Alfred P. A New Diazo Method for the Determination of Bilirubin. Clinical Chemistry. 1962;8(6):570-578.
Compernolle F. Bilirubin conjugates: Isolation, structure analysis and synthesis. Bilirubin, Vol 1: Chemistry. Boca Raton, FL:CRC Press. 1982;2:59-74.
Airaodion AI, Ogbuagu EO, Ewa O, Ogbuagu U, Awosanya OO, Adekale OA. Ameliorative efficacy of methanolic extract of Corchorus olitorius leaves against acute ethanol-induced oxidative stress in Wistar rats. Asian Journal of Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology. 2019; 7(6):1-9.
Airaodion AI, Ogbuagu EO, Ogbuagu U, Adeniji AR, Agunbiade AP, Airaodion EO. Hepatoprotective effect of Parkia biglobosa on acute ethanol-induced oxidative stress in Wistar rats. International Research Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 2019;2(1):1-11.
Doumas BT, Wastson WA, Biggs HG. The human version is humanserum albumin. Clinical Chim Acta. 1971;3:87.
Brittenham GM, Cohen AR, Mc Laren CE, MB Martin, PM Grifth. Hepatic iron stores and plasma ferritin concentration in patients with sickle cell anaemia and thalassaemia. Am J Hematol. 1993;42:81-85.
McGlynn K, Rosvold E, Lustbade E, Hu Y, Clapper M. Susceptibility to hepatocellular carcinoma is associated with genetic variation in the protein denaturalization of afation. Proc Natl Acad Sci 1995;92: 2384-2387.
Harmatz P, Buteusky E, Quirolo K, Williams R, Ferrell L. Severity of iron overload in patients with sickle cell disease receiving chronic red blood cell transfusion therapy. Blood. 2000;96:76-79.
Cage J. Gall bladder and liver disorders in sickle cell disease: A critical review. Liver Diseases. 2001;8:200-212.
Obi CU, Aladeyelu OS , Agbiogwu IN, Agu CN, Arusiwon JA, Udeh MO. Enzyme activities of liver function (biomarkers) in sickle cell anaemic patients attending sickle cell anaemic Centre, Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria. International Journal of Blood Research and Disorders. 2020; 7(2):1-5.
Airaodion AI, Ogbuagu EO, Ekenjoku JA, Ogbuagu U, Airaodion EO. Therapeutic effect of methanolic extract of telfairia occidentalis leaves against acute ethanol-induced oxidative stress in Wistar rats. International Journal of Bio-Science and Bio-Technology. 2019;11(7):179- 189.
Airaodion AI, Akinmolayan JD, Ogbuagu EO, Esonu CE, Ogbuagu U. Preventive and therapeutic activities of methanolic extract of Talinum triangulare leaves against ethanol-induced oxidative stress in Wistar rats. International Journal of Bio-Science and Bio-Technology. 2019;11(7): 85-96
Kotila T, Adedapo K, Adedapo A, Oluwasola O, Fakunle E, Brown B. Liver dysfunction in steady state sickle cell disease. Ann Hepatol. 2005;4:261 263.
National Institutes of Health (NIH). Renal abnormalities in sickle cell disease. National Heart, Lungs and Blood Institute; 2002.
Traina F, Jorge SG, Yamanaka A, de Meirelles LR, Fern F. Chronic liver abnormalities in sickle cell disease: A clinico pathological study in 70 living subjects. Acta Haematol. 2007;118: 129 135.
Ogbuagu EO, Airaodion AI, Okoroukwu VN, Ogbuagu U, Ekenjoku JA. Effect of Monosodium Glutamate on Body Weight and Alanine Aminotransferase Activity in Wistar Rats. International Research Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 2019c;2(2):1-8.
Airaodion AI, Ngwogu AC, Ekenjoku JA, Ngwogu KO. Hepatoprotective potency of ethanolic extract of Garcinia kola (heckel) seed against acute ethanol induced oxidative stress in wistar rats. International Research Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 2020;3(2):1-10
Uche CL, Akinola NO. Biochemical Parameters in the Steady State of Sickle Cell Anaemia: Females Seem to Have Advantage. Journal of Medical and Dental Science Research. 2017;4(1):62-66.
Schubert TT. Hepatobiliary system in sickle cell disease. Gastroenterology. 1986;90:2013 2021.
Coiner GM, Ozick LA, Sachdcv RK. Transfusion related chronic liver disease in sickle cell anaemia. Am J Gastroenterol. 1991;86:1232 1234.
Akuyam SA, Abubakar A, Lawal N, Yusuf R, Aminu SM, Hassan A, Musa A, Bello AK, Yahaya IA, Okafor PA. Assessment of biochemical liver function tests in relation to age among steady state sickle cell anemia patients. Nigerian Journal of Clinical Practice. 2017;20:1428-1433.
Airaodion AI, Megwas AU, Ekenjoku JA, Ngwogu KO, Ngwogu AC. Nephro- and hepato-toxicity of common household insecticides used in Nigeria. International Research Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 2020;3(2):21-28.
Airaodion AI, Alabi OJ, Ogbuagu EO, Atiba FA, Olawoyin DS. Nephro and hepatotoxic effect of air-freshener in Wistar rats. Asian Journal of Research in Nephrology. 2020; 3(2):1-9.
Maher MM, Mansour AH. Study of chronic hepatopathy in subjects with sickle cell disease. Gastroenterol Res. 2009;2: 338 343.
Meshikhes AWN, Al faraj AA. Sickle cell disease and the general surgeon. J Res Col Surg Edinbough. 1998;43:73 79.
Mills LR, Mwakyusa D, Milner PF. Histopathologic features of liver biopsy specimens in SCD. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 1988;112:290 294.
Benerjee S, Owen C, Chopra S. Sickle cell hepatopathy. Hepatology. 2001;33: 1021 1028.
Charlotte F, Bachir D, Nenert M, Mavier P, Galacteros F, Dhumeaux D. Vascular lesions of the liver in sickle cell disease. A clinicopathological study in 26 living subjects. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 1995;119: 46 52.
O’Callaghan A, O’Brien SG, Ninkovic M, Butcher GP, Foster CS, Walters JR. Chronic intrahepatic cholestasis in sickle cell disease requiring exchange transfusion. Gut. 1995;37: 144 147.
Center for Disease Control and Prevention for Sickle cell disease; 2019.
Sedrak A, Kondamud NP. Sickle cell disease. In: StatPearls. Treasure Island: Stat Pearls Publishing; 2019.
David HG, Bridgman SA, Davies SC, AL Hine, RJ Emery. The shoulder in sickle cell disease. J Bone Joint Surg. 1993;75:538-545.
Ballas SK. The sickle cell painful crisis in adults: Phases and objective signs. Haemoglobin. 1995;19:323-333.
Iwegbu CG, Fleming AF. Avascular necrosis of the femoral head in sickle cell disease: A series from the Guinea savannah of Nigeria. J Bone Joint Surg. 1985;67:29-32.
Smith WR, Penberty LT, Bovbjerj VE. Daily assessment of pain in adults with sickle cell disease. Ann Intern Med. 2008;148:94-101.
Ned JV, Bertles JF, Wether DL. Sickle cell disease: A worldwide problem. eds. Sickle Cell Disease: Inheritance, Diagnosis, Management, Education and Research. 2019;122:123-154.
Platt OS, Brambilla DJ, Rosse WF, Milner PF, Castro O. Mortality in sickle cell disease. Life expectancy and risk factors for early death. N Engl J Med. 1994; 330:1639-1644.
Itano HA. Qualitative control of adult haemoglobin synthesis: A multiple allele hypothesis. Am J Hum Genet. 1993;5:34-36.
Lawrence PR, Ryan KM, Harney KM. Sickle cell in children providing comprehensive cure for a chronic condition. Adv Nurse Pract. 2000;8:48-55.
Ward PA, Hejtmancik JF, Witkowski JA, Gunnel S, Speer J, Hawley PY. Sickle cell endemicity. Am J Hum Genet. 2018; 44:270-281.
World Health Organization. Global sickle cell rate. Bulletin of World Health Organization. 2018;25:27-30.
Wu JSY. Classification of liver diseases. British Medical Journal. 2005;3:4-6.
Kakarala S, Lindberg M. Safety of liver biopsy in acute sickle hepatic crisis. Conn Med. 2004;68:277-279.
Beutler E. The sickle cell disease and related disorders. In: Beutler E, Lichtman MA, Coller BS, Kipps TJ, Seligsohn U (eds). Williams Haematology New York: McGraw Hill; 1999.
Reitman S, Frankel S. A colorimetric method for determination of serum glutamate oxaloacetate and glutamic pyruvate transaminase. American Journal of Clinical Pathology. 1957;28:56-58.
Babson AL, Grecley SJ, Coleman CM, Phillips GE. The use of phenolphthalein in monophosphate as a substrate for serum alkaline phosphatase. Clinical Chemistry. 1966;12:482.
Henry RJ, Sobel C, Berkman S. Interferences with biuret methods for serum proteins. Anal. Chem. 1974;29: 1491-1495.
Doumas BT, Watson WA, Biggs HG. Albumin standards and the measurement of serum albumin with BCG. Clin Chim Acta. 1971;31: 87-96.
Airaodion AI, Ene AC, Ogbuagu EO, Okoroukwu VN, Ekenjoku JA, Ogbuagu U. Biochemical changes associated with consumption (by rats) of garri processed by traditional and instant mechanical methods. Asian Journal of Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology. 2019; 2(4):1-11.
Royden NR, Alfred P. A New Diazo Method for the Determination of Bilirubin. Clinical Chemistry. 1962;8(6):570-578.
Compernolle F. Bilirubin conjugates: Isolation, structure analysis and synthesis. Bilirubin, Vol 1: Chemistry. Boca Raton, FL:CRC Press. 1982;2:59-74.
Airaodion AI, Ogbuagu EO, Ewa O, Ogbuagu U, Awosanya OO, Adekale OA. Ameliorative efficacy of methanolic extract of Corchorus olitorius leaves against acute ethanol-induced oxidative stress in Wistar rats. Asian Journal of Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology. 2019; 7(6):1-9.
Airaodion AI, Ogbuagu EO, Ogbuagu U, Adeniji AR, Agunbiade AP, Airaodion EO. Hepatoprotective effect of Parkia biglobosa on acute ethanol-induced oxidative stress in Wistar rats. International Research Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 2019;2(1):1-11.
Doumas BT, Wastson WA, Biggs HG. The human version is humanserum albumin. Clinical Chim Acta. 1971;3:87.
Brittenham GM, Cohen AR, Mc Laren CE, MB Martin, PM Grifth. Hepatic iron stores and plasma ferritin concentration in patients with sickle cell anaemia and thalassaemia. Am J Hematol. 1993;42:81-85.
McGlynn K, Rosvold E, Lustbade E, Hu Y, Clapper M. Susceptibility to hepatocellular carcinoma is associated with genetic variation in the protein denaturalization of afation. Proc Natl Acad Sci 1995;92: 2384-2387.
Harmatz P, Buteusky E, Quirolo K, Williams R, Ferrell L. Severity of iron overload in patients with sickle cell disease receiving chronic red blood cell transfusion therapy. Blood. 2000;96:76-79.
Cage J. Gall bladder and liver disorders in sickle cell disease: A critical review. Liver Diseases. 2001;8:200-212.
Obi CU, Aladeyelu OS , Agbiogwu IN, Agu CN, Arusiwon JA, Udeh MO. Enzyme activities of liver function (biomarkers) in sickle cell anaemic patients attending sickle cell anaemic Centre, Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria. International Journal of Blood Research and Disorders. 2020; 7(2):1-5.
Airaodion AI, Ogbuagu EO, Ekenjoku JA, Ogbuagu U, Airaodion EO. Therapeutic effect of methanolic extract of telfairia occidentalis leaves against acute ethanol-induced oxidative stress in Wistar rats. International Journal of Bio-Science and Bio-Technology. 2019;11(7):179- 189.
Airaodion AI, Akinmolayan JD, Ogbuagu EO, Esonu CE, Ogbuagu U. Preventive and therapeutic activities of methanolic extract of Talinum triangulare leaves against ethanol-induced oxidative stress in Wistar rats. International Journal of Bio-Science and Bio-Technology. 2019;11(7): 85-96
Kotila T, Adedapo K, Adedapo A, Oluwasola O, Fakunle E, Brown B. Liver dysfunction in steady state sickle cell disease. Ann Hepatol. 2005;4:261 263.
National Institutes of Health (NIH). Renal abnormalities in sickle cell disease. National Heart, Lungs and Blood Institute; 2002.
Traina F, Jorge SG, Yamanaka A, de Meirelles LR, Fern F. Chronic liver abnormalities in sickle cell disease: A clinico pathological study in 70 living subjects. Acta Haematol. 2007;118: 129 135.
Ogbuagu EO, Airaodion AI, Okoroukwu VN, Ogbuagu U, Ekenjoku JA. Effect of Monosodium Glutamate on Body Weight and Alanine Aminotransferase Activity in Wistar Rats. International Research Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 2019c;2(2):1-8.
Airaodion AI, Ngwogu AC, Ekenjoku JA, Ngwogu KO. Hepatoprotective potency of ethanolic extract of Garcinia kola (heckel) seed against acute ethanol induced oxidative stress in wistar rats. International Research Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 2020;3(2):1-10
Uche CL, Akinola NO. Biochemical Parameters in the Steady State of Sickle Cell Anaemia: Females Seem to Have Advantage. Journal of Medical and Dental Science Research. 2017;4(1):62-66.
Schubert TT. Hepatobiliary system in sickle cell disease. Gastroenterology. 1986;90:2013 2021.
Coiner GM, Ozick LA, Sachdcv RK. Transfusion related chronic liver disease in sickle cell anaemia. Am J Gastroenterol. 1991;86:1232 1234.
Akuyam SA, Abubakar A, Lawal N, Yusuf R, Aminu SM, Hassan A, Musa A, Bello AK, Yahaya IA, Okafor PA. Assessment of biochemical liver function tests in relation to age among steady state sickle cell anemia patients. Nigerian Journal of Clinical Practice. 2017;20:1428-1433.
Airaodion AI, Megwas AU, Ekenjoku JA, Ngwogu KO, Ngwogu AC. Nephro- and hepato-toxicity of common household insecticides used in Nigeria. International Research Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 2020;3(2):21-28.
Airaodion AI, Alabi OJ, Ogbuagu EO, Atiba FA, Olawoyin DS. Nephro and hepatotoxic effect of air-freshener in Wistar rats. Asian Journal of Research in Nephrology. 2020; 3(2):1-9.
Maher MM, Mansour AH. Study of chronic hepatopathy in subjects with sickle cell disease. Gastroenterol Res. 2009;2: 338 343.
Meshikhes AWN, Al faraj AA. Sickle cell disease and the general surgeon. J Res Col Surg Edinbough. 1998;43:73 79.
Mills LR, Mwakyusa D, Milner PF. Histopathologic features of liver biopsy specimens in SCD. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 1988;112:290 294.
Benerjee S, Owen C, Chopra S. Sickle cell hepatopathy. Hepatology. 2001;33: 1021 1028.
Charlotte F, Bachir D, Nenert M, Mavier P, Galacteros F, Dhumeaux D. Vascular lesions of the liver in sickle cell disease. A clinicopathological study in 26 living subjects. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 1995;119: 46 52.
O’Callaghan A, O’Brien SG, Ninkovic M, Butcher GP, Foster CS, Walters JR. Chronic intrahepatic cholestasis in sickle cell disease requiring exchange transfusion. Gut. 1995;37: 144 147.
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